65 research outputs found
Machine learning in quantum computers via general Boltzmann Machines: Generative and Discriminative training through annealing
We present a Hybrid-Quantum-classical method for learning Boltzmann machines
(BM) for generative and discriminative tasks. Boltzmann machines are undirected
graphs that form the building block of many learning architectures such as
Restricted Boltzmann machines (RBM's) and Deep Boltzmann machines (DBM's). They
have a network of visible and hidden nodes where the former are used as the
reading sites while the latter are used to manipulate the probability of the
visible states. BM's are versatile machines that can be used for both learning
distributions as a generative task as well as for performing classification or
function approximation as a discriminative task. We show that minimizing
KL-divergence works best for training BM for applications of function
approximation. In our approach, we use Quantum annealers for sampling Boltzmann
states. These states are used to approximate gradients in a stochastic gradient
descent scheme. The approach is used to demonstrate logic circuits in the
discriminative sense and a specialized two-phase distribution using generative
BM
Stochastic Design Optimization of Microstructures with Utilization of a Linear Solver
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143035/1/6.2017-1939.pd
Graph Theoretic Algorithms Adaptable to Quantum Computing
Computational methods are rapidly emerging as an essential tool for understanding and solving complex engineering problems, which complement the traditional tools of experimentation and theory. When considered in a discrete computational setting, many engineering problems can be reduced to a graph coloring problem. Examples range from systems design, airline scheduling, image segmentation to pattern recognition, where energy cost functions with discrete variables are extremized. However, using discrete variables over continuous variables introduces some complications when defining differential quantities, such as gradients and Hessians involved in scientific computations within solid and fluid mechanics. Consequently, graph techniques are under-utilized in this important domain. However, we have recently witnessed great developments in quantum computing where physical devices can solve discrete optimization problems faster than most well-known classical algorithms. This warrants further investigation into the re-formulation of scientific computation problems into graph-theoretic problems, thus enabling rapid engineering simulations in a soon-to-be quantum computing world.
The computational techniques developed in this thesis allow the representation of surface scalars, such as perimeter and area, using discrete variables in a graph. Results from integral geometry, specifically Cauchy-Crofton relations, are used to estimate these scalars via submodular functions. With this framework, several quantities important to engineering applications can be represented in graph-based algorithms. These include the surface energy of cracks for fracture prediction, grain boundary energy to model microstructure evolution, and surface area estimates (of grains and fibers) for generating conformal meshes. Combinatorial optimization problems for these applications are presented first.
The last two chapters describe two new graph coloring algorithms implemented on a physical quantum computing device: the D-wave quantum annealer. The first algorithm describes a functional minimization approach to solve differential equations. The second algorithm describes a realization of the Boltzmann machine learning algorithm on a quantum annealer. The latter allows generative and discriminative learning of data, which has vast applications in many fields. Theoretical aspects and the implementation of these problems are outlined with a focus on engineering applications.PHDAerospace EngineeringUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/168116/1/sidsriva_1.pd
FP-IRL: Fokker-Planck-based Inverse Reinforcement Learning -- A Physics-Constrained Approach to Markov Decision Processes
Inverse Reinforcement Learning (IRL) is a compelling technique for revealing
the rationale underlying the behavior of autonomous agents. IRL seeks to
estimate the unknown reward function of a Markov decision process (MDP) from
observed agent trajectories. However, IRL needs a transition function, and most
algorithms assume it is known or can be estimated in advance from data. It
therefore becomes even more challenging when such transition dynamics is not
known a-priori, since it enters the estimation of the policy in addition to
determining the system's evolution. When the dynamics of these agents in the
state-action space is described by stochastic differential equations (SDE) in
It^{o} calculus, these transitions can be inferred from the mean-field theory
described by the Fokker-Planck (FP) equation. We conjecture there exists an
isomorphism between the time-discrete FP and MDP that extends beyond the
minimization of free energy (in FP) and maximization of the reward (in MDP). We
identify specific manifestations of this isomorphism and use them to create a
novel physics-aware IRL algorithm, FP-IRL, which can simultaneously infer the
transition and reward functions using only observed trajectories. We employ
variational system identification to infer the potential function in FP, which
consequently allows the evaluation of reward, transition, and policy by
leveraging the conjecture. We demonstrate the effectiveness of FP-IRL by
applying it to a synthetic benchmark and a biological problem of cancer cell
dynamics, where the transition function is inaccessible
Effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole vs. norfloxacin on fecal E. coli resistance pattern and efficacy in patients receiving prophylaxis for spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Background: Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) is an infection of ascitic fluid. It is highly mortal and recurrent condition, so prophylaxis with Norfloxacin (NOR) or Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) seems to play an important role in the prevention of further episodes of SBP. Aims of the study were to assess the effect of TMP-SMX/NOR on the sensitivity pattern of fecal E. coli after long term prophylaxis in Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) and to compare the efficacy of TMP-SMX and NOR in prophylaxis of SBP.Methods: An interventional, prospective, open label, single center study conducted in Maulana Azad medical college, New Delhi, India. 52 patients of SBP or with high risk of SBP were screened and finally 39 patients were recruited. Stool sensitivity testing of fecal E. coli was done and they were divided into TMP-SMX group(n=18) and NOR group(n=21) according to sensitivity. After 45Ā±3 days (7 weeks) their stool sample was re-examined for change sensitivity pattern of E. coli. Efficacy variables like any episode of SBP, fever (FEV) resolution of ascites (ASC), bacteremia (BACT), extraperitoneal infection (EPI), liver transplantation (LT) or death (D) were noted throughout the period of 24 weeks.Results: Resistance developed in 60% vs. 48% in TMP-SMX vs. NOR group(p=0.46) after 45 days of prophylaxis. By the end of 24 weeks, Incidence of SBP (29%vs. 25%, p>0.99), episodes of FEV(P=0.60), EPI(p>0.99), ASC(p>0.99) and death (14% vs. 16%, p>0.99) were almost similar in both the groups (TMP-SMX vs. NOR) respectively.Conclusions: Both TMP-SMX and NOR showed same degree of resistance and found equi-efficacious when administered as long-term prophylactic therapy in SBP. TMP-SMX can be a suitable as well as cost effective alternative to NOR for the prophylaxis of SBP
Sustainability of physical exam skills in a resident-led curriculum in a large internal medicine program with competency based medical education
Background: Competency Based Medical Education (CBME) designates physical examination competency as an Entrustable Professional Activity (EPA). Considerable concern persists regarding the increased time burden CBME may place on educators. We developed a novel physical examination curriculum that shifted the burden of physical examination case preparation and performance assessment from faculty to residents. Our first objective was to determine if participation led to sustainable improvements in physical examination skills. The second objective was to determine if resident peer assessment was comparable to faculty assessment.Ā Ā Ā Ā Methods: We selected physical exam case topics based on the Objectives of Training in the Specialty of Internal Medicine as prescribed by the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada.Ā Internal Medicine residents compiled evidence-based physical exam checklists that faculty reviewed before distribution to all learners. Physical exam practice sessions with whole-group demonstration followed by small-group practice sessions were performed weekly. We evaluated this pilot curriculum with a formative OSCE, during which a resident peer and a faculty member simultaneously observed and assessed examinee performance by .Results: Participation in the novel curriculum practice sessions improved OSCE performance (faculty score mean 78.96 vs. 62.50, p<0.05). Peer assessment overestimated faculty scores (76.2 vs. 65.7, p<0.001), but peer and faculty assessments were highly correlated (R2 = 0.73 (95% CI 0.50-0.87).Conclusion: This novel physical examination curriculum leads to sustainable improvement of physical examination skills. Peer assessment correlated well with the gold standard faculty assessment. This resident-led physical examination curriculum enhanced physical examination skills in a CBME environment, with minimal time commitment from faculty members
Stochastic Design Optimization of Microstructures with Utilization of a Linear Solver
Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/143075/1/1.J056000.pd
Prevalence of impaired renal function in patients of liver cirrhosis with or without spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
Background: Renal Impairment (RI) is a common complication in patients with liver cirrhosis and ascites. Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis (SBP) a complication in cirrhosis further aggravates and worsens the scenario. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)/creatinine ratio (BCR) is one of the common laboratory tests used to distinguish prerenal azotemia (PR) from acute tubular necrosis and proves to be handy in absence of other tests.
Objective: To find the prevalence of renal impairment in the patients of liver cirrhosis with or without SBP.
Design and Setting: Observational, prospective, single centre study.
Methods: Cirrhotic patients with SBP or low Ascitic fluid protein were enrolled. RI was considered if the serum creatinine or urea or both were above the reference range. BCR was obtained for each patient and divided based on BCR <20 and BCR>20. Assessment of variability of BCR values was done by further dividing them into eight subgroups (<10, 10ā15, 16ā20, 21ā25, 26ā30, 31ā35, 36-40 and >40).
Results: 34 patients were enrolled and divided into two groups. Group A with 22 patients with SBP and group B with 12 patients with low ascitic fluid protein. Group A had 77.27% patients with RI and group B had 58.33%. Majority of the patients had BCR>20 group denoting a RI of PR type. Three patients had BCR>40 indicating towards a probable gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Conclusion: This study gives an idea about the common occurrence of renal impairment in the patients of liver cirrhosis and ascites which needs early intervention to improve the prognosis.
Keywords: Renal Impairment; Renal failure; Blood urea nitrogen creatinine ratio; BCR Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis; Liver cirrhosi
Global mapping of binding sites for Nrf2 identifies novel targets in cell survival response through ChIP-Seq profiling and network analysis
The Nrf2 (nuclear factor E2 p45-related factor 2) transcription factor responds to diverse oxidative and electrophilic environmental stresses by circumventing repression by Keap1, translocating to the nucleus, and activating cytoprotective genes. Nrf2 responses provide protection against chemical carcinogenesis, chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, emphysema, asthma and sepsis in murine models. Nrf2 regulates the expression of a plethora of genes that detoxify oxidants and electrophiles and repair or remove damaged macromolecules, such as through proteasomal processing. However, many direct targets of Nrf2 remain undefined. Here, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) with either constitutive nuclear accumulation (Keap1ā/ā) or depletion (Nrf2ā/ā) of Nrf2 were utilized to perform chromatin-immunoprecipitation with parallel sequencing (ChIP-Seq) and global transcription profiling. This unique Nrf2 ChIP-Seq dataset is highly enriched for Nrf2-binding motifs. Integrating ChIP-Seq and microarray analyses, we identified 645 basal and 654 inducible direct targets of Nrf2, with 244 genes at the intersection. Modulated pathways in stress response and cell proliferation distinguish the inducible and basal programs. Results were confirmed in an in vivo stress model of cigarette smoke-exposed mice. This study reveals global circuitry of the Nrf2 stress response emphasizing Nrf2 as a central node in cell survival response
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